Structure & Reactivity in Chemistry
Molecular Orbitals
MO18. Frontier Orbitals
We said before that the energy of the electrons determine the behaviour of the molecule. The populated energy levels contribute to the energy and behaviour of the molecule. The other energy levels are only possibilities. The only case in which these orbitals are considered is when we think about adding additional electrons to the structure. That can happen during a reduction reaction, for instance. In that case, the next energy level may be a reasonable place to put another electron.
This description may be an approximation. Once another electron is added to the molecule, repulsive and attractive forces have been changed within the molecule, so the energies of all the electrons would have to adjust. Nevertheless, the LUMO is a good first guess at where an additional electron would go and what its energy would be.
Conversely, if a molecule is going to donate an electron (or an electron pair) in a reaction, frequently the electrons come from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). These electrons are often the most reactive, both because of their high energy and their accessible location, usually farther from the nucleus or on the edge of the molecule.
HOMO and LUMO orbitals are together called frontier orbitals, because they are at the edge of the real, occupied orbitals and the imaginary, unoccupied ones. Frontier orbitals are often considered when trying to understand reactions.
This site was written by Chris P. Schaller, Ph.D., College of Saint Benedict / Saint John's University (retired) with other authors as noted on individual pages. It is freely available for educational use.
Structure & Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry by Chris Schaller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Send corrections to cschaller@csbsju.edu
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