Structure & Reactivity in Chemistry
Molecular Orbitals
MO10. Another Complication in HF: Orbital Mixing
Earlier, we talked about the fact that axially symmetric orbitals can mix together to produce new combinations. In HF, we looked at the overlap of the 2s orbital on fluorine with the 1s orbital on hydrogen. However, one of the 2p orbitals can lie along the bond axis and share axial symmetry with the hydrogen 1s orbital.
We will call this fluorine orbital the 2pz orbital. We could just as well label it px or py, but many people refer to the p orbital along the bond axis as the pz. Note that the 2p orbitals that are perpendicular to the bond axis can't interact with the hydrogen 1s orbital. Because the bond axis crosses the p orbital at a node, where the p orbital changes phase, the hydrogen atom can't form either an in-phase or out-of-phase combination with this p orbital. It would actually be in phase with one part of the orbital and out of phase with the other. Instead, these orbitals simply do not interact.
The third combination is a little more subtle. The other possibility is that the 1s orbital of hydrogen is in phase with one orbital of fluorine, but out of phase with the other. However, that means it could be in phase with the 2s but out of phase with the 2pz, or vice versa. That means there are two more combinations, for a total of four. However, since we are using only three atomic orbitals, we can produce only three molecular orbitals. These two possible combinations must be mathematically reduced to one, somehow.
Once again, mixing that occurs based on symmetry has some quantitative effects on the energies of the electrons, but in this case the qualitative effect is a subtle change in the ordering of energy levels.
This site was written by Chris P. Schaller, Ph.D., College of Saint Benedict / Saint John's University (retired) with other authors as noted on individual pages. It is freely available for educational use.
Structure & Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry by Chris Schaller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
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