Draw the structure of an amino acid and a polypeptide.
Explain the origin of secondary structure (alpha helices, beta
sheets) and tertiary structure in a protein.
Explain the Central Dogma of Biology.
Explain the differences between DNA replication, DNA transcription,
and RNA translation.
Given a dsDNA structure, and which strand is the template strand,
determine the amino acid sequence of the protein derived from transcription of the DNA.
Define a gene
Predict the probably effect of a mutation in the DNA on the resulting
protein's structure AND function.
Draw the structures of glucose and fructose, glycerol and its
derivatives, pyruvate, lactate, acetic acid, acetyl group, acyl groups, acetyl CoA
(abbreviating coenzyme A as CoASH), ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP (abbreviated adenosine as A).
Explain the overall functions of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis,
glycogenolysis, glycogen synthesis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, the Cori cycle, the Kreb's
cycle, and electron transport.
For each step in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis,
glycogen synthesis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and the Kreb's cycle, explain the type(s) of
reaction(s), the expected ΔGo,
whether the reaction is a likely step for regulation, and a rationale for the existence of
the step.
Identify in the above pathways all high energy compounds and vitamin
derivatives.
Show, using chemical structures and explain verbally, how anaerobic
metabolism of glucose will be slowed in the muscle unless NAD+ can be
regenerated by lactate dehydrogenase.
Using tables of standard reduction potentials, determine if a given
redox reaction is spontaneous (favored in the direction written), using the formulaΔGo = -50(kcal/mol)Eo.
Explain how in respiring muscle, pyruvate goes to lactate, but in the
liver, lactate goes to pyruvate.
Describe how dietary starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose, and fructose
enters the glycolytic pathways of cells.
Explain the differences in dietary glycogen metabolism by salivary
and pancreatic amylase and stored glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase, and rationalize the
difference.
Identify and explain which reactions in opposing pathways must be
catalyzed by different enzyme(s).
Show how glycerol obtained from triacylglycerol hydrolysis (fat
mobilization) is a gluconeogenesis intermediate.
Explain how two opposing pathways, such as glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis, can both be favored in the
cell (from a G perspective), but only one of the competing pathways actually predominates
under a given set of conditions.
Explain how enzyme activity can be regulated by competitive
inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors and activators, and covalent modification
(phosphorylation and dephosphorylation).
Explain the differential allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase
and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase by ATP, and AMP.
Explain possible methods of signal transduction utilized by cells.
Explain the cascade of events leading to the activation or inhibition
of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase in liver and muscle, and how they are
mediated by the hormones epinephrine and glucagon.
Explain the effect of insulin/glucagon on glucose and glycogen
metabolism.
Explain the different metabolic roles of the liver and muscle in
carbohydrate metabolism.
Explain the general role of vitamin-derivatives from vitamins such as
niacin and riboflavin.
Explain why acetyl CoA is not a gluconeogenic precursor.
Show the possible fates of the following key intermediates in
metabolism: glucose-6-phosphate and pyruvate
Explain why under anaerobic condition that pyruvate is converted to
lactate in the muscle.
Explain the fate of NADH under anerobic and aerobic conditions.
Explain where the energy comes from in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle,
and ox-phos. to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, which has a ΔGo = + 7.5 kcal/mol
Draw the straight chain and cyclic forms of D-ribose, D-glucose,
D-mannose, D-galactose.
Differentiate between alpha and beta forms of dissacharides and
polysaccharides.
Explain a mechanism for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction if the mechanism
is given.