Concepts for General Chemistry

Specific types of energies:  definitions and/or examples:

1. first ionization energy:  Ca(g) → Ca⁺(g)
2. second ionization energy:  Ca⁺(g)  → Ca²⁺(g)
3. electron affinity:  Cl(g)  + e^- → Cl^-(g)
4. lattice energy:  CaCl₂(s) → Ca²⁺(g)  +  2Cl^-(g)
5. energy of hydration: Ca²⁺(g)  +  2Cl^-(g) → Ca²⁺(aq)  +  2Cl^-(aq)
6. activation energy: 
7. enthalpy
8. bond enthalpy (or bond energy)
9. heat of fusion  H₂O (s) →  H₂O (l)
10. heat of vaporization:  H₂O (l) →  H₂O (g)

Acids/Bases

Strong Acids:

• hydrochloric
• sulfuric
• nitric

Weak Acids

• acetic acid
• carbonic acid
• 2nd, 3rd H on phosphoric acid

Strong Bases

• oxides
• hydroxide

Weak Bases

• ammonia
• amines

Redox reactions

• LEO GER:  Loss of electrons is oxidation, gain of electrons is reduction
• OIL RIG:  oxidation involves loss (electrons), reduction involves gain (electrons)
• Anode:  electrode to which anions (-) go, so the anode is +; oxidation occurs at the anode (+ electrode pulls electrons from species oxidized.  Oxidation, Anode both start with vowels.
• Cathode:  electrode to which cations (+) go, so the cathode is -; reduction occurs at the cathode (- electrode so source of electrons for species that gets reduced.  Reduction, Cathode both start with constants.