Biochemistry Online: An Approach Based on Chemical Logic

Biochemistry Online

CHAPTER 2 - PROTEIN STRUCTURE 

A:  AMINO ACIDS

BIOCHEMISTRY - DR. JAKUBOWSKI

Last Update:  02/27/16

Learning Goals/Objectives for Chapter 2A:  After class and this reading, students will be able to

  • state the charge on amino acid side chains using the Henderson Hasselbach equation and the approximate charge by inspection at any given pH
  • draw mechanisms and identify products for the reaction of nucleophilic side chains Lys and Cys with common chemical modification agents and extend this understanding to reactions of His.
  • draw mechanisms for disulfide exchange reactions for sulfhydryls using them and oxidation numbers to explain redox reactions of cysteine/cystine.

A9.  In vivo Post Translational Modification of Amino Acids

Amino acids in naturally occurring proteins are also subjected to chemical modification within cells.  These modifications alter the properties of the amino acid that is modified, which can alter the structure and function of the protein.  Most chemical modifications made to proteins within cells occur after the protein is synthesized in a process called translation.  The resulting chemical changes are termed post-translational modifications.

Figure:  Post-translational modification of proteins

Here is a list of post-translational modification from the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics:

  •   PDOC00001  1  N-glycosylation site

  •   PDOC00004  1  cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site

  •   PDOC00005  1  Protein kinase C phosphorylation site

  •   PDOC00006  1  Casein kinase II phosphorylation site

  •  PDOC00007  1  Tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site

  •   PDOC00008  1  N-myristoylation site

  •   PDOC00009  1  Amidation site

  •   PDOC00010  1  Aspartic acid and asparagine hydroxylation site

  •   PDOC00012  1  Phosphopantetheine attachment site

  •   PDOC00013  1  Prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site

  •   PDOC00342  1  Prokaryotic N-terminal methylation site

  •   PDOC00266  1  Prenyl group binding site (CAAX box)

  •   PDOC00687 2  Intein N- and C-terminal splicing motif profiles
     

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