CHEM 123  GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Dr. Jakubowski

ONLINE STUDY GUIDE - OLSG

Fall 2008

Online General Chemistry Resources

• Companion website: McMurray/Fay 5th Ed | Companion Site - Atkins | Zumdahl | Kotz
• New:  General Chemistry Online:  An award-winning site
• Topic Review in General Chemistry
• Fundamental Physical Constants
• Uncertainty in Measurement
• Gen Chem Web Site
• Animations from Chang: Essential Chemistry
• Martindale's Chemistry Center:  1st and 2nd Yr Chemistry - Compendium of web sites
• Great Physics Simluations
• Gen. Chem. Animations

Molecular Modeling

Chime

• Chime Models from McMurray - Alphabetic
• Lots of Chime Models
• General Chime Links:  General and Organic Chemistry
• Alphabetical list of Chime structures for inorganic and organic molecules
• Download Chime

Jmol

• Cool Molecules: A Molecular Structure Explorer
• Websites Using Jmol

Periodic Tables

• Web Element Periodic Table
• ChemiCool Periodic Table
• American Elements
• The Pictorial Periodic Table
• Chemical Elements - Interactive Periodic Table
• Touchspin's Interactive Periodic Table Main Page |  Touchspin's Interactive Periodic Table
• A great Periodic Table (PDF) to print (color) (from http://www.dayah.com/periodic/Other/Periodic%20Table.pdf)

Math

• Required formulas to know and understand

Introduction: Day 1

• Chimp vs Human
• Chemistry Periodic Table |  Biology (Human) Periodic Table
• Hydrogen Car
• One Ring | Synthesis
• Red Giant - The process of carbon creation, Nature 433, 117-119 (13 January 2005)
• A tree | Thic Nhat Han (My Documents\My Music\Artist - T2-7.00 to 8:20 min)
• Mathematics versus Complexity
• Quotes
• chemistry: nano, micro, symbolic, and mathematical
• Chinese characters |  Chemical "Chinese"

Chapter 1:  Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

• Sig Figs: Graduated Cylinder Interactive tutorial: Units Conversion Javascript
• Interactive tutorial: Significant Figures Javascript
• Tutorial on color mixing (for Lab 1)
• Light and colors mixing
• Chime Models - Chapter 1   Scroll to Chapter 1
• Chapter 1 Review  - Prentice Hall
• Homework Problems:  1-14, 25, 51, 64, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 92, 99

Chapter 2:  Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

• THOUGHT EXPERIMENT: CUTTING A COPPER WIRE IN HALF....

• Definitions (taken from Chemical Principles by Atkins and Jones):
  1. element - a substance that can not  be separated into simpler components by chemical or physical techniques; A substance consisting of atoms of the same atomic number like pure hydrogen, copper, oxygen, carbon (H₂, Cu, O₂, C:  diamond | graphite buckminsterfullerene | nanotubes)
  2. atom -  the smallest electrically neutral particle of an element that contains a single nucleus and its surrounding electrons
  3. compound - a specific combination of elements that can be separated into its elements by chemical techniques but not physical techniques; a substance consisting of atoms of two or more elements in a definite, unchangeable ratio.
  4. molecule - the smallest particle of a compound that possesses the chemical properties of the compound; a definite, distinct, electrically neutral group of bonded atoms. (H₂, H₂O, NH₃, CH₃COOH)

• scanning tunneling microscope- STM  | 

• Carbon Monoxide Man (on Platinum)
• IBM - Xenon (on Nickel)
• Quantum Coral (48 Iron Atoms in Ring)
• molecular abacus (C60)  |  Buckyball - Chime Model

• spiral nanotube  | nanosheet strength

• metallic and binary solids (CH234 Lab)

• Elements, Compounds, Mixtures
• Heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures (solutions): Solids in water
• Physical Processes Using for Separating Mixtures
• Paper Chromatography of Water Soluble Markers
• Chemical Change:  Electrolysis of water
• Features of Matter
• Laws of Matter
• Law of Multiple Proportions
• Avogadro's Hypothesis  |  Animation
• Development of Atomic Mass scale
• Cathode ray tube
• Millikan Oil Drop Experiment (great with interactivity) |  Another great explanation | Millikan Oil Drop: Animation
• Rutherford Au Foil Experiment
• Top 10 Most Beautiful Scientific Experiments - one view |
• Mass Spectrometry

• Isotopes:  Select atom from WebElements Pd. Table

• Electron Configuration:   Ionization Energies and Shells 

• Brief Background Tutorial on Bonding from CHEM 105:  Chemistry and Society

• Formation of an ionic bond between sodium and chlorine
• Bonds - sharing and transfering a pair of electrons:  The $ analogy
  1. nonpolar covalent
  2. polar covalent
  3. ionic bonds
• Electron Densities in a Covalent Bond
• Ionic vs. Covalent Bond
• Dipole Moment and Electron Density
• Bond Polarity (from Spartan)
• Naming: Ionic and Covalent Compounds
• Inorganic compounds - Jmol
• Name that Compound
• Atomistic simulation of the three phases of matter
• Interactive tutorial: Naming Simple Compounds Javascript
• Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures
• Lewis Structure Example Counting electrons (animation):  partial charge, octets, formal charge, oxidation numbers
• Counting Electrons again
• Formation of Molecular Ions from Acids
• HCl + H20: Space fill model, electron density model, and reaction mechanism.
• Chime Models - Chapter 2 
• Chime Models - Chapter 2   Scroll to Chapter 2
• Homework Problems:  1-31; 34, 35, 37, 52, 56, 58, 60, 61, 68, 71, 73, 78, 82, 88, 100, 102, 104, 106, 107

Chapter 3:  Formulas, Equations, and Moles

• Fruitboxes, Atoms, and Molecules
• The mole
• Trigrams:  Relationships among molar mass, # moles, and # particles
• Density and Molarity:   Intensive Properties
• Diluting Concentrated Solutions
• Animation: Reaction Stoichiometry Chime
• Interactive tutorial: Determing Chemical Formula from Mass Percentages Javascript
• Balancing Chemical Equations Java
• The Importance of Stoichiometry
• Chime Models - Chapter 3  Scroll to Chapter 3
• Chapter 3 Review:  Prentice-Hall
• Homework Problems:  1-27, 30-38, 40, 59, 60, 73, 75, 78, 86, 89, 94, 96, 98, 111

Chapter 4:  Reactions in Aqueous Solution

• Classification of Reactions
• Whats in the Beaker:  Soluble, Insoluble, Dissociate, Ionize
• Another animation: NaCl and water : electric current from Iowa State
• Precipiation Reactions _
  • Solubility Rules
  • Animation:Soluble salts - Strong Electrolytes - Dissociation
  • Animation:  Formation of AgCl(s) from AgNO₃ and NaCl solutions
• Acid/Base Reactions
  • Animation:  Reaction of HCl and water.
  • Reaction Mechanism:  CO₂, NO₂, SO₃: Interactions with water
  • Ordering Strong and Weak Acids
• Redox Reactions: Counting Electrons:  Oxidation Numbers
• Balancing Redox Equations:  Mass and Charge Balance - and example
• Similarites/Differences in Precipitation, Redox, and Acid Base Reactions
• Continuum in Bonding, Acid/Base strength, Redox strength
• Vocabulary for reaction types and reaction species
• Oxidation number in a chemical reaction: an example
• Table: Acid and Redox Agent Strengths
• Activity Series of Metals
• Name that Reaction!   - Problem Set  |  Name that Reaction! - Answer Key
• Hints and Mistakes in determining products in chemical reactions.
• Chime Models - Chapter 4   Scroll to Chapter 4
• Chapter 4 Review:  Prentice-Hall
• Homework Problems:  1-27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 44, 46, 48, 52, 54, 58, 59, 60, 64, 66, 72, 74, 78, 82, 84, 85, 90, 95

Chapter 5:  Periodicity and Atomic Structure

Intro to Light

• EM spectrum 
• Prism
• Index of Refraction
• Diffraction Grating 2 | CD - diffraction grating

Intro to Waves: Types and Properties

• TYPES OF WAVES
  • water waves
  • electromagnetic waves
• PROPERTIES OF WAVES I
  • Wave Reflection, Fixed End
  • Wave Reflection, Open End
  • Superposition of Waves   (applet-interactive or demo) Classical
  • Adding Waves
  • Water Waves
  • Wave Interference 1
  • Wave Interference 2
  • Wave Interference 3
  • Two slit interference
  • Another two slit demo
  • X Ray Crystallography  |  NaCl model | NaCl Jmol  | Inorganic and Molecular Solids

Classical Physics and the Demise of the planetary  model

• Photoelectric Effect
• Photoelectric Effect  
• Relationship between Force and Energy
• Classical Mechanics:  A Review
• electrical force
• vibrating charge and electromagnetic waves
• vibrating charge and the demise of the Rutherford (planetary) model of the atom
• Absorption/Emission Spectra: Elements Periodic Table

Wave Nature of Matter:  Quantum Theoryy

• electrons act as waves
• electron 2 slit experiment
• Derivation of Debroglie Equation
• Debroglie and Wave Property of Particles
• electron diffraction pattern: double slit
• PROPERTIES OF WAVES II
  • Standing Waves : an Explanation
  • Standing Waves :  an Interactive Demo.
• Bohr Model of the Atom:   Derivation:  E, r, and v are quantized
• Jumps in Bohr Model
• Bohr Model : emission spectra
• wavelengths of transitions - Bohr model
• Bohr Model Modification:   Electron as Wave - Angular Momentum (L) quantized
• Quantum Quotes compiled by Dr. Rioux
• Interference Pattern of Buckminsterfullerene:  Theoretical | Experimental 
• Electron Microscopes - How they work

Quantum Theory and Electronic Structure

• Mathematical solutions to H wave functions
• *NEW:  Mathematical solution to H wave functions, quantum numbers, and orbital shapes
• *Quantum Numbers
• *H wave function simulator (show angular wave fn, radial wave fn y, nd probability density (y²) function - do demo
• Radial Wave Functions: Math and visual plots
• NEW:  Radial Probability or density Graphs for H Atoms  (in given dV)
• * s orbitals - good understanding of different btw y - radial wave fn, and y² - radial probabilty
• 2p orbitals
• d orbitals
• Atomic orbtials (1s-4f) (and radial dist. fn)
• Atomic orbitals electron densities (1s and 2p)
• Atomic Orbitals (1s and 2p) VRML
• Relative Energy of Atomic Orbitals
• Orbital Diagrams and Electronic Configuration
• Adding Electrons to Oxygen
• NEW *Electronic Configuration of Atoms
• Spectrscopy:  UV/Vis, IR, ESR, NMR
• Electron Energy and Energy Conservation:  Ionization Energy, Photoelectric Effect and H Emission Spectra
• Quantum on the Web:  Links to the University of Colorado
• Bose-Einstein Condensate:  From the University of Colorado
• Quantum Physics Online 
• Schrodinger's Cat: 1
• Schrodinger's Cat:  2
• Schrodinger's Cat:  3
• Chime Models - Chapter 5   Scroll to Chapter 5
• Chapter 5 Review:  Prentice-Hall
• Our Evolving Concept of the Atom
• Homework Problems:  1-22, 25, 28, 29, 37, 40, 43, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 74, 79, 103, 104

Literature:

• Quantum Behavior of C₇₀.  Science. 292. pg 1471 (2001)
• Electronics vs Spintronics:  Nature 411, pg 747 (2001)
• The Fog That Was Not (Femtosecond resolution and uncertainty) Nature, 412,pg 279 (2001)
• Zeilinger.  The quantum centennial:  One hundred years ago, a simple concept changed our world view forever. Nature. 408, pg 639 (2000)
• Schrodiner's Cat is out of the Hat.  Science. 290. pg 720, 773 (2000)

Chapter 6:  Ionic Bonds and Some Main-Group Chemistry

• NEW *Electronic Configuration of Atoms
• NEW *Electronic Configuration of Ions
• *The meaning and measurement of atomic radii
• WebElements: Periodic Properties - Start with N page (get radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, bond enthalpies
• Periodic Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table
• Alkali metals and water: video
• Periodicity in size
• Periodicity in size:  JMol
• Periodicity of atomic properties
• Chime models for simple salts
• Chime Models - Chapter 6   Scroll to Chapter 6
• Chapter 6 Review:  Prentice-Hall
• Homework Problems:  1-25, 28, 31, 32, 37, 52, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, 82, 83, 86, 89, 91, 92 103, 105, 107

Chapter 7: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure

• VSEPR model for Molecular Geometry (from class)
• VSEPR: Electron Pair, Molecular Geometry, and Molecule Polarity - Chime models (loads very slowly)
• VSEPR: Electron Pair, Molecular Geometry, and Molecule Polarity - Jmol models (loads slowly)
• Molecular Modeling:  VSEPR on the Web: (View in Public PC Lab)
• VSEPR and VRML
• Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
• Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization (from class)
• Atomic Orbitals, Hybrid Orbitals, and Molecular Orbitals:  A Java Applet from MIT
• Molecular Orbitals (from class)
• Interactive view of MOs ****
• C=C double bond: atomic p and molecular p orbitals
• Molecular Orbitals 1 | Molecular Orbitals 2
• Spartan Electron Density Maps: CH₄, NH₃, H₂0 and HF from Lab 10
• Molecular Structure Calculations
• Reaction Mechanisms with curved arrows: HOMO LUMO interactions
• UV-Vis Spectroscopy and MO
• Band Theory of Solids
• Chime Models - Chapter 7   Scroll to Chapter 7
• Chapter 7 Review:  Prentice-Hall
• Homework Problems:  1-30, 34, 36, 42, 47, 50, 54, 58, 61, 64, 72, 73,  85, 88, 92, 96, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112

Chapter 8:  Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy

• Energy Vocabulary - (will be routinely updated)
• System/Surroundings/Universe
• Energy, Work and Heat:   The First Law
• Change in Internal Energy and PV Work
• Enthalpy and State Function
• Hess's Law, Standard Enthalpies, and Bond Enthalpies
• First Law Applications:   DE_univ = 0
• Standard Enthalpy of Formation
• 5 Ways to Determine Standard Enthalpy Changes
• Born Haber Thermodynamic Cycle for Ionic Substances
• Calculating DH^o for combustion of hexane using DH^o_f  and Hess's Law
• Thermodynamic Values on the Web
• Chime Models - Chapter 8   Scroll to Chapter 8
• Chapter 8 Review:  Prentice-Hall
• Homework Problems:  1, 8, 9, 10-18, 46, 54, 56, 58, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 96, 100, 102, 106

Chapter 9:  Gases:  Their Properties and Behaviors

• Pressure converter
• The Gas Simulator Java
• Dry Lab: Gas Simulator Java
• Better Gas Law simulator Java
• Hard sphere gas simulator: 2 different molecules Java
• Hard sphere gas simulator: one type of molecule Java
• Chime Models - Chapter 9   Scroll to Chapter 9
• Chapter 9 Review:  Prentice-Hall
• Homework Problems:  

Chapter 10:  Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

• Intemolecular Attractive Forces in the Gas Phase
• Water Structure
• DNA:  AT BP |  GC BP 
• DNA: A tutorial
• single chain amphiphile | micelle
• micelle
• double chain amphiphile | bilayer membranes
• bilayer
• Noncovalent Interactions in Proteins
• Chime Models - Chapter 10   Scroll to Chapter 10
• Chapter 10 Review: Prentice-Hall

Many of the Chime models are from http://chem.usc.edu/resources/chemlinks.html

Study Guides for Tests

• STUDY GUIDE:  TEST 1: CHAPTERS 1-3

• STUDY GUIDE TEST 2:  CHAPTERS 4-6

• STUDY GUIDE TEST 3:  CHAPTERS 7-9

• Review Guide for Final

Misc:

• HIV Honors Project |  PC Version