and Other Carbon-Heteroatom Multiple Bonds

with  problems contributed by Kate Graham, Nicholas Jones and Ed McIntee

Get familiar with simple carbonyl groups here.

CO1.  Carbonyls in Biology

CO2.  Carbonyls are Electrophiles

CO3. General Reactivity Patterns

CO3b.  General Reactivity Patterns, Part B

CO4.  Reaction Mechanism: Keto-Enol Tautomerization

CO5.  MO Picture of Carbonyls

CO6.  Relative Reactivity of Carbonyls

CO7.  Elementary Steps: Nucleophilic Addition

CO8.  Elementary Steps: Protonation of Oxygen

CO9.  What is a Good Nucleophile?

CO10.  What is a Solvent?

CO11.  Semi-Anionic Nucleophiles: Grignards and Complex Hydrides

CO12.  Enolate Addition: Aldol Reactions

CO13.  Activation of Carbonyls

CO14.  Addition of Neutral, Protic Nucleophiles

CO15.  Elementary Steps: Proton Transfer Steps

CO16.  Elementary Steps: Pi Donation Steps

CO16b.  Putting the Steps Together with Neutral Nucleophiles

CO17.  Sugars: Pyranose and Furanose Forms

CO18.  The Anomeric Center

CO19.  Biological Reduction

CO20.  Oxidation

CO21.  Ylide Addition

CO22.  Conjugate Addition

CO22b.  Michael Addition and Robinson Annulation

CO23.  Conjugate Addition-Elimination in Aromatics

CO24.  Carbonyl in Synthesis: Getting Started

CO25.  Carbonyl Addition Summary: Mechanistic Steps

CO26. Additional Problems

CO27.  Solutions to Selected Problems, CO1-12

CO28.  Solutions to Selected Problems, CO13-26

This site was written by Chris P. Schaller, Ph.D., College of Saint Benedict / Saint John's University (retired) with other authors as noted on individual pages.  It is freely available for educational use.

Structure & Reactivity in Organic, Biological and Inorganic Chemistry by Chris Schaller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. 

Send corrections to cschaller@csbsju.edu

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1043566.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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